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Isaac Newton Vail was born on January 30, 1840, in Belmont, Ohio.

He was an American Quaker, schoolteacher, and pseudoscientist. He was trained and then taught at the Quaker Seminary in Westtown, Pennsylvania. He left to pursue his independent study of flood geology. Vail argued that the Earth once had rings like Saturn's. This theory became known as the "Vailan theory" or "Annular Theory of Evolution." His 1886 "Canopy Theory" proposed that the Earth had been ringed by a toroidal mass of ice, which he named the "firmament." Vail believed that this could explain Noah's Flood and described it in his book "The Earth's Aqueous Ring: or The Deluge and its Cause" (1874). The 1900 census records his occupation as a farmer.

In 1864, he married Rachel D. Wilson (1842–1877), and in 1880, he remarried Mary M. Cope (1838–1920). He died on January 26, 1912, in Pasadena, California.

de V. Payen-Payne, assistant-examiner in French in the University of London, principal of Kensington Coaching College, author of "French idioms and proverbs."

Rev. Brandram Boileau Ussher was born on August 6, 1845, in Dublin, Ireland.

He was a clergyman, physician, and poet. He received his early education at Delgany College in Ireland. In 1861, he received the Diploma of the Royal Dublin Society and moved to the United States in 1863. He started to study medicine at the University of Michigan and completed his studies at the University Medical College of Kansas City. He practiced as a physician for fourteen years in Aurora, Illinois. He received theological training under Bishop Whitehouse of Chicago, Illinois, and his chaplains in the Anglican Church. He was ordained deacon in the city of Chicago in 1874 and presbyter in Emmanuel Church in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1876. He served as pastor in Toronto and Montreal and was elected Bishop of Canada and Newfoundland in the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1882. In 1892, he became Bishop of Kansas City and served until his retirement in 1898. In 1899, he graduated from Harvard University Summer School and helped found the Victorian Club of Boston, becoming its President in 1909. For a few years, he was a special lecturer at Emerson College of Oratory in Boston. He was also a member of the National Geographic Society in Washington, D.C. He published many of his sermons and poems.

In 1867, he married Elizabeth Leonora Thompson (1842–1891), and in 1897, he remarried Mary R. Whitney Pelton (1839–1918). He died on February 16, 1925, in Los Angeles, California.